Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large and diverse group of RNA viruses that sporadically spillover from animal hosts to humans. When CoVs evolve the capacity for sustained human-to-human transmission, spillover events can result in epidemics, pandemics, or endemicity (the constant presence of a disease in a population). Nine coronaviruses are currently known to infect humans. Of these, OC43, NL63, 229E, and HKU1 are endemic and associated with common cold-like symptoms. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been spilling over from camels since 2012, causing severe disease in humans, with sustained human-to-human transmission in hospital outbreaks (1, 2). SARS-CoV-1 caused an epidemic from 2002–2004 (3), and SARS-CoV-2 a pandemic between 2020–2023 (4). In addition, canine coronavirus-human pneumonia-2018 (CCoV-HuPn-2018) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) have caused sporadic human infections (5). Find out more about this viral family and CEPI’s R&D efforts in the field here: CoV on CEPI.net

References: 1) Oboho IK, Tomczyk SM, Al-Asmari AM, Banjar AA, Al-Mugti H, Aloraini MS, et al. 2014 MERS-CoV Outbreak in Jeddah — A Link to Health Care Facilities. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(9):846-54.  2) Sabir JSM, Lam TTY, Ahmed MMM, Li L, Shen Y, E. M. Abo-Aba S, et al. Co-circulation of three camel coronavirus species and recombination of MERS-CoVs in Saudi Arabia. Science. 2016;351(6268):81-4.  3) Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, et al. Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses. Science. 2005;310(5748):676-9.  4) Holmes EC. The Emergence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2.Annu Rev Virol. 2024.  5) Vlasova AN, Diaz A, Damtie D, Xiu L, Toh TH, Lee JS, et al. Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Patient With Pneumonia in East Malaysia. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(3):446-54.

Funding Opportunities 

CEPI’s Innovations to Prepare for Future Epidemics and Pandemics Call for Proposals aims to support CEPI’s mission by advancing a broad range of vaccine innovations for pathogens with epidemic or pandemic potential. It will support vaccine research, development and manufacturing innovations for CEPI’s priority pathogens and contribute towards the 100 Days Mission, thereby helping the world prepare for known and future epidemic and pandemic threats.

For more detail on this funding opportunity, including how to apply, please see: Calls for Proposals on CEPI.net

Resources

MERS-CoV Vaccine Use Case Workshop

In November 2025, CEPI, with the support of WHO, brought together various stakeholders in human and veterinary health across the Middle East to discuss (1) current MERS epidemiology and surveillance efforts; (2) potential MERS-CoV vaccine implementation strategies and use case; and (3) the feasibility of camel vaccination (a One Health approach). Overall, this virtual workshop aimed to inform the future development and deployment of potential MERS-CoV vaccine candidates. Please read the workshop report here: Technical Report

Publications 

Kovacs D. et al. Initiation of a coronavirus vaccine library. Vaccine. January 2026; 72

Whittaker C. et al. Quantifying the impact of a broadly protective sarbecovirus vaccine in a future SARS-X pandemic. Nature Communications. September 2025; 16(1)

Gordon J.L. et al. Development of broadly protective coronavirus vaccines: A joint NIAID-CEPI workshop report. Vaccine. April 2025; 30:54

COVID-19

Le T.T. et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. April 2020; 19

Makadzange A.T. et al. The Real-World Effectiveness of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines in Zimbabwe During the Omicron Variant Dominance: A Test-Negative Case-Control Study. Vaccines (Basel). November 2024; 12(12)

Ramgi P. et al. Immunogenicity and Safety of Heterologous Versus Homologous Prime-Boost Regimens With BBIBP-CorV and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 Vaccines: A Multicentric, Randomized, Observer-Blinded Non-inferiority Trial in Madagascar and Mozambique. CID. June 2025; 80

Capitine I.U. et al. Real-world Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine Against Symptomatic COVID-19 in an Omicron-Dominant Setting in Mozambique: A Test-Negative, Case-Control Study. CID. June 2025; 80

Agrupis, K. A. et al. Effectiveness of CoronaVac primary series with and without booster against hospitalized COVID-19 during the Omicron-predominant epidemic wave in the Philippines: a test-negative case–control study. Expert Review of Vaccines. July 2025; 24(1)

Hart J.D. et al. Immunogenicity of fractional and standard dose COVID-19 vaccine boosters among healthy adults in Indonesia: twenty four month follow-up from a randomised controlled trial. Nature Communications. September 2025; 16:8569

Tsetsegsaikhan Batmunkh T. et al. Fractional BNT162b2 boosters induce durable immune responses after non-mRNA priming in Mongolia: a randomised controlled trial. Frontiers in Immunology. March 2026; 17:1789248

Mazarakis N. et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy over 12 months following a fourth dose of a bivalent mRNA or protein-based COVID-19 vaccine: A randomised controlled trial in Australia. Journal of Infection. April 2026; 92(4)